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The entire goal of a transaction, a set of SQL statements executed together as a unit of work, is to take the database from one consistent state to another consistent state. To accomplish this goal, transactions are atomic as well the entire set of successful work performed by a transaction is either entirely committed and made permanent or rolled back and undone. Just like a statement, the transaction is an atomic unit of work. Upon receipt of success from the database after committing a transaction, you know that all of the work performed by the transaction has been made persistent.

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of_list let revOrder i j = -(compare i j) Here the inferred types are as follows: val sortBy : ('a -> 'a -> int) -> #seq<'a> -> seq<'a> val revOrder : 'a -> 'a -> int The function sortBy takes a comparison function comp as an argument and converts its enumerable argument to a list and back as it performs the sorting revOrder provides a comparison function that reverses the default ordering for a type by negating the result of the generic comparison function compare discussed in 5 and 8 Note that sortBy will evaluate all elements in the sequence as it converts it to a list, so you should use it with care when the source sequence is large or potentially infinite Another useful query-like function is Seqtruncate, which takes the first n elements and truncates the rest.

It is worth noting that there is a certain class of statements in Oracle that are atomic but only at the statement level. Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are implemented in a manner such that: 1. 2. 3. They begin by committing any outstanding work, ending any transaction you might already have in place. They perform the DDL operation, such as a CREATE TABLE. They commit the DDL operation if it was successful, or roll back the DDL operation otherwise.

This means that any time you issue a DDL statement such as CREATE, ALTER and so on, you must expect your existing transaction to be immediately committed and the subsequent DDL command to be performed and either committed and made durable or rolled back in the event of any error. DDL does not break the ACID concepts in any way, but the fact that it commits is something you definitely need to be aware of.

Using these new operators given, for example, an unbounded stream of random numbers you can extract the first three even numbers and return a pair of those numbers and their square in reverse order, as the following example shows: let rand = SystemRandom() let numbers = seq { while true do yield randNext(1000) } numbers |> |> |> |> Seqfilter (fun i -> i % 2 = 0) Seqtruncate 3 sortBy revOrder Seqmap (fun i -> i, i*i) // "where".

Normally, when a transaction is committed, its changes are permanent you can rely on those changes being in the database even if the database crashed the instant after the commit completed. This is not true, however, in two specific cases: You use the new (as of Oracle 10g Release 2 and above) WRITE extensions available in the COMMIT statement. You issue COMMITs in a non-distributed (accesses only a single database, no database links) PL/SQL block of code.

Starting with Oracle Database 10g Release 2 and above, you may add a WRITE clause to your COMMIT statements The WRITE clause allows the commit to either WAIT for the redo you generated to be written to disk (the default) or NOWAIT to not wait for the redo to be written The NOWAIT option is the new capability a capability that must be used carefully, with forethought, and with understanding of exactly what it means Normally, a COMMIT is a synchronous process Your application invokes COMMIT and then your application waits for the entire COMMIT processing to be complete (what that entails exactly will be covered in detail in 9, Redo and Undo ) This is the behavior of COMMIT in all the database releases before Oracle 10g Release 2 and is the default behavior in Oracle 10g Release 2 and above.

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